Substitution and Income Effects of the Working Tax Credit on Labour Supply

Work exposition: Having thought about the suggestions for the WTC, we would now be able to dissect the impacts of the strategy on work flexibly by deciding the replacement and pay impacts. It’s away from the impact of the working assessment credit on work conduct relies on how much a laborer is presently functioning. To break down these impacts we will just glance at one kind of individual; a solitary parent in the work power. This will streamline our investigation with the end goal that we can partition the chart beneath into 3 segments and depict the impacts independently. draw:frame} Figure 1: Diagram indicating how the burden of the WTC influences the people work gracefully choice When the solitary parent is either not working by any means, or working under 16 hours (Labeled An in the graph), her present pay rate and in this manner salary is unaffected by the WTC. This is basically in light of the fact that they have not yet gotten any expense credit and subsequently have no additional impetuses to work. Be that as it may, in the event that they work over16 hours, the program will raise their general bring home pay as they get a singular amount installment, appeared by the primary vertical blue line. Along these lines, at this low degree of work, there is an extremely little, or 0, pay impact, and a positive replacement impact, in this manner expanding the individual’s work flexibly. These impacts are equivalent to would be under an expansion in the compensation rate, indicated diagrammatically in Figure 2. {draw:frame} Figure 2: Diagram demonstrating the impacts of a compensation increment The development around the first impassion bend from A to C is the replacement impact; this emerges due the adjustment in cost of recreation comparative with long stretches of work, holding utility as consistent. As the compensation rate has expanded the open door cost of recreation contradicted to work has risen. The replacement impact urges the specialist to diminish his long periods of recreation. The development from C to B gives the salary impact showing the laborers reaction to an expansion in genuine pay. By and large, the replacement impact commands the salary impact and in this way expands work flexibly from L1 to L2. There is likewise the likelihood that the salary impact may overwhelm the replacement impact bringing about a decline in the gracefully of work. In any case, this relies upon the situation of the lack of interest bends, subsequently the worker’s inclinations for work and recreation. Then again, it is impossible at this low compensation rate for the laborer to pick relaxation over the chance to win a higher pay. Segment ‘C’ of our WTC graph shows the zone at which an individual works over 30 hours. The worker’s total compensation is presently higher now, anyway the worker’s negligible pay is lower which is shown by the slope of the WTC line being shallower than inclination of the No WTC line. The Substitution and Income impacts here are equivalent to would be with a diminishing in wage. Both the Income and replacement impacts cooperate to lessen the measure of work; appeared in Figure 3: {draw:frame} Figure 3: Diagram indicating the impacts of a compensation decline The replacement impact is appeared by the development around the old lack of interest bend, from A to C. The salary impact is appeared by the development from A to B. In spite of the fact that the replacement impact is more grounded, the two impacts cooperate to diminish the long periods of work from L1 to L3. Finally, segment ‘B’ speaks to the zone at which an individual works somewhere in the range of 16 and 30 hours. Here, the impacts of the WTC on work gracefully are considerably more mind boggling. In spite of the inclination of the WTC line being equivalent to area C, this time there is the chance of expanding work to over 30 hours and getting the extra installment. This along these lines brings about solitary guardians packing around the 16 and 30 hour checks so as to pick up the best profit by the WTC installment. Some will subsequently substitute recreation for work and work longer hours to pick up the extra reward at 30 hours, while others will decide to renounce work for relaxation and be content with the advantage of working more than 16 hours.

Spheres in Scarlet Letter

It was once said that â€Å"the just living social orders are those which are vivified by disparity and bad form. † A man named Paul Claudel composed this in his work, Conversations dans le Loir-et-Cher, and he censures the capacity to have an utilitarian culture. Social orders are intended to sort out the estimations of individuals into a framework with uniform laws and desires; be that as it may, social orders can never completely accomplish this. Claudel just observes social orders with broken attributes like imbalance and bad form. There are consistently exemptions to the social request since all individuals will be people with various educational encounters that help characterize what their identity is. Nathaniel Hawthorne additionally censures the Utopian goals that social orders regularly hold in his novel, The Scarlet Letter. The primary character, Hester gets sidetracked from the principles of her Puritan town and must wear a red letter on her chest to proclaim her transgression. The red letter separates Hester from the weights to comply with society, allowing her the chance to locate her individualistic good point of view throughout everyday life and she imparts this disclosure to Dimmesdale. Hawthorne passes on this idea of independence through the theme of circles. At first, Hawthorne passes on Hester’s disengagement from society which is welcomed on by the red letter, by placing her in her own circle. The most recognizable component of Hester as she leaves the jail is the detailed red letter that is weaved on her chest. Quickly, Hawthorne makes reference to that the letter â€Å"[takes Hester] strange relations with humankind and [encloses] her in a circle by herself† (46). The language here shows the separation welcomed on by the letter on the grounds that Hester no longer has similar relations with humankind, which for this situation means the uniform Puritan culture. Her collaborations with others are adjusted since she is without anyone else. The letter puts Hester in an alternate world, away from that of society and makes her be separated from everyone else. Indeed, even individuals that don't comprehend the purpose behind Hester’s confinement take an interest in it. The offspring of the town just comprehend that Hester is â€Å"shut out from the circle of human charities,† however they don't have the foggiest idea why but then when they see â€Å"the red letter on her bosom, [they] hurry off with a weird infectious fear† (72). This encourages the possibility that Hester is totally excluded from society on the grounds that even those that are guileless of the letter’s significance won't acknowledge her. Hawthorne shows the separation Hester encounters, because of wearing the red letter, with the image of the circle. Alongside the negative parts of segregation, Hester understands that being in her own circle removes numerous cultural weights to fit in with an allowance of faith based expectations. When Hester begins to return contact with society, she despite everything feels as though she doesn't have a place. Hester feels that all contact she has with others shows that she is â€Å"as much alone as though she inhabit[s] another sphere† (74). Despite the fact that she is genuinely in contact with others, Hester is still alone. She no longer needs to fit in with the convictions of her Puritan town since she â€Å"communicate[s] with the regular nature† in unexpected manners in comparison to â€Å"the rest of human kind† (74). Since she is confined, Hester â€Å"[stands] separated from [society’s] moral interests, yet close next to them,† meaning she can return a stage to take a gander at the perspectives on the dominant part, however she has the choice to settle on her own decisions (74). Despite the fact that she feels isolated from society, Hester can at present feel the impact of its convictions. This thought is likewise shown with the area of Hester’s bungalow. The house is on the edges of the town, yet still inside its cutoff points and this equals the impact that society has on Hester. The remoteness of the bungalow â€Å"put it out of the circle of social activity,† yet Hester still needed to go into town to support herself with provisions. Subsequently, similarly as the cabin avoids Hester as much as possible from the town, the letter removes her from numerous weights to comply with the estimations of society. Hester sees that the acknowledged convictions and ethics of society are by all account not the only choices because of being segregated from the circle of their impact, because of the red letter she wears. Hester’s segregation and acknowledgment that she doesn't need to follow society, give her another viewpoint on the convictions of people and she imparts this to Dimmesdale. Hawthorne passes on this through their brief concurrence in a similar circle. Through her seclusion, Hester understands that people can have their own conviction frameworks from those of society and utilizations this to discover harmony with her transgression. Dimmesdale be that as it may, never encounters open disgrace or detachment and battles to discover harmony with his wrongdoing. He doesn't consider leaving to be town as a choice like Hester does in light of the fact that he feels that â€Å"Providence hath placed† him in a particular â€Å"sphere† where he needs to experience his â€Å"earthly existence† and he must choose between limited options (180). Dimmesdale doesn't see that there are different alternatives other than those of society, yet Hester opens him to this thought. While they are in the woods together, she gives him another point of view to consider; that the methods of society don't generally work for everybody. When both Hester and Dimmesdale can see things from this point of view, â€Å"they [feel] themselves, [†¦] occupants of the equivalent sphere† (173). They are in the circle together on the grounds that despite the fact that they may not have a similar virtues at long last, as of now the two of them comprehend that they have alternatives separated from cultural convictions. Despite the fact that the two of them have a similar point of view they need to seek after their different circles in unmistakable manners. As Dimmesdale strolls home â€Å"his internal man [gives] him [†¦] confirmations of a transformation in the circle of thought and feeling,† showing the progressions previously occurring from what Hester ingrained in him (198). The unrest in Dimmesdale’s musings and sentiments happens in light of the fact that Hester edifies him to the possibility of individual conviction frameworks. He sees things in a totally different manner with a lot more prospects since he can decide for himself what he needs to accept. He unmistakably experiences a â€Å"total change of administration and good code† because of the thoughts Hester opens to him in the backwoods. Both Hester and Dimmesdale see additional opportunities in singular convictions due to Hester’s segregation and acknowledgment that society’s convictions are not great. Albeit both Hester and Dimmesdale discover that people can have their own conviction frameworks through Hester’s confinement and help from the weights of society, they should at last locate their own individual circles. In the wake of being presented to another point of view by Hester, Dimmesdale has the opportunity to think and understands that he isn't equivalent to her. Dimmesdale realizes that they can not live in a similar circle and Hester, as well, understands this at the parade. As Dimmesdale strolls by, Hester comprehends that he is â€Å"remote from her own circle, and completely past her reach† (218). Hester trusted that her impact over Dimmesdale when she illuminated him would proceed in his choices and they would dwell in a circle together, however this was not the situation. Similarly as Hester expected to discover her place separated from the impact of others, Dimmesdale did also. So as to discover harmony, Dimmesdale expected to locate his own ethical code and circle and when he did, he came to â€Å"an age of life more splendid and loaded with triumph than any past one, or than any which could from this point forward be† (227). This incredible achievement that originates from discovering his own circle shows how emphatically Hawthorne puts stock in the individual and the pathway to get to independence. Dimmesdale can not be anything else content with his life than he is the point at which he finds his individualized good framework. Hawthorne likewise shows his help for independence when he breaks the forward divider and talks legitimately to the peruser. He says the main thing to be gained from the minister’s experience is to â€Å"be valid! Be valid! Be valid! Show uninhibitedly to the world if not your most noticeably awful, yet some characteristic whereby your most exceedingly awful might be inferred† (236). With this, Hawthorne needs individuals to discover harmony inside themselves and says they have to open themselves completely to the world to do as such. In the novel, Hester encounters open disgrace and shows it unreservedly to the world while Dimmesdale keeps his transgression covered up. That is the reason Hester can be at a superior harmony with herself and her wrongdoing while Dimmesdale’s destiny is to just be quiet in death. There can be no set circle for all of society due to various educational encounters. Hester and Dimmesdale both discover independent, individualized conviction frameworks, aside from those of society, because of the open disgrace and separation Hester encounters wearing the red letter. Hawthorne utilizes the theme of circles to pass on the message that society can not address the issues all things considered. The circles in the novel never work appropriately when they endeavor to encompass the ethical points of view of more than one individual. Society attempts to just have one uniform allowance of faith based expectations for all, yet this is fruitless in light of the fact that everybody has their own contemplations and emotions dependent on experience. Similarly as Claudel stated, the main way social orders can exist is with imperfections; Utopian and Puritan standards are out of reach. Hawthorne esteems independence and the contrasts between all individuals.

ACT English Parallelism

In this post, we are going to take a look at errors in parallel structure, how to find them, and examine how to correct them on ACT English. Did you catch the mistake I made in the above sentence? If you did, gold star to you. If you didn’t, that’s completely ok. People mess this up all the time. So let’s get to work. Lists of items When two or more items are given equal weight in a sentence, they should be written as similarly as possible. The simplest example of this is a list of items: For breakfast, I like to eat cereal, fruit, and I also like yogurt. â€Å"Yogurt† is getting a little extra love there, and grammatically-speaking, that’s a no-no. To correct the parallel structure we need to get rid of the stuff in front of â€Å"yogurt† so we just have a list of three nouns: For breakfast, I like to eat cereal, fruit, and I also like yogurt. Lists in a sentence don’t necessarily have to be a group of nouns; they could be verb phrases, for example. To escape the wicked witch, the boy ran out of the gingerbread house, rolled down the hill, and went jumping across a river of fire.   ↠ wrong To escape the wicked witch, the boy ran out of the gingerbread house, rolled down the hill, and went jumping jumped across a river of fire. ↠ right So let’s go back to the sentence I started with: In this post, we are going to take a look at errors in parallel structure, how to find them, and examine how to correct them on the ACT. See that extra verb in the third part? All of the items in the list follow from â€Å"take a look†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We are â€Å"taking a look† at errors in parallel structures, how to find them, and how to correct them. Here’s the smoothed out version: In this post, we are going to take a look at errors in parallel structure, how to find them, and how to correct them on the ACT. Parallel Comparisons Trickier parallelism questions will make an appearance in comparisons. Take a look at the following sentence: Danny’s test scores weren’t as good as Bryan. In this case, you know what the sentence means, so in ordinary life, you might just go right past a question like this one. But on the ACT English test, you need to have eagle eyes. A closer look reveals the parallel structure is faulty. We are comparing Danny’s test scores to Bryan’s test scores. Not Danny’s test scores to Bryan, the person. Danny’s test scores weren’t as good as Bryan’s test scores. So when you see comparisons on the test, make sure they are comparing apples to apples and not apples to oranges. Prepositional Phrases Sometimes even trickier parallel structure questions have to do with prepositional phrases. Take a look at the following sentence: I wasn’t informed or interested in the after-dance party. You may have a feeling something is off here, but   may not be sure what. Well, let’s take out â€Å"or interested† for a moment. Then we just have â€Å"I wasn’t informed in the after-dance party,† which doesn’t make sense. We need a preposition to go with â€Å"informed† that works with that verb and sets up the parallel structure with â€Å"interested in.† Here’s one solution: I wasn’t informed about or interested in the after-dance party. So when it comes to parallelism on the ACT English test, make sure you watch out for three specific scenarios: List of items that are supposed to be weighed equally (nouns, verb phrases, etc.). Remember: a â€Å"list† could just be two items! Comparison of two or more items. Make sure that, grammatically-speaking, the lists are comparing the same type of thing. Multiple prepositional phrases in the same sentence. Take care that a preposition essential to understanding the meaning (and maintaining elegant parallel structure) isn’t dropped!

Outline Of An Overall Theory - 918 Words

According to www.merriam-webster.com the term â€Å"crime† is defined as: â€Å"an illegal act for which someone can be punished by the government†. Some individuals in our society commit some type of crime every day, but why? In this assignment I will try to compile an overall theory as to why individuals commit crimes. While doing my research I came across 10 reasons/factors that can possibly explain why individuals commit crimes. These reasons include: The Prison System, drugs, depression and other social and mental disorders, family conditions, regionalism, T.V. violence, racism, politics, poverty, and overpopulation. The prison system is a major cause of crime because many prisons do not offer rehabilitation programs so that criminals can at least try to or learn how to become a better individual in society. 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The Use of Wind Power Is the Answer for the Future

The use of wind power is the answer for the future. The use of wind power has developed from when it was first used to power ships in ancient civilizations like trading botes that sailed the Nail Egypt. Wind power was then captured by wind mills on farms to produce mechanical energy. This energy was then used to pump water to irrigate crops so farmers could have a more reliable harvest. Windmills also powered and to grinders that that crushed up grains. In today’s society wind turbines have been developed that makes wind a feasible source of fuel for America. Wind Energy is no longer a simple idea of little importance. It has developed into a major and dependable source of energy. The dependence on fossil fuels is a big problem in society however, if we take advantage of renewable technology like wind energy, the economy and the environment will benefit. Wind turbines offer many positive advantages. They boost the economy, on a local and national level. Wind power is a clean energy source, and unlike dirty fossil fuels. Wind power helps protect our planet by reducing pollution and lowering the amount of harmful emissions that contribute to global warming. Wind is completely renewable, and is a domestic source which will decrease our dependence on other countries. Wind turbines are not flawless, they do have some problems. One of the first problems is the limitation of wind power. Scene the turbines rely on wind to generate electricity if there is no or vary little windShow MoreRelated Wind Power in the Near Future Essay880 Words   |  4 PagesWind Power in the Near Future Today many people are anxious about energy for the future, as it seems realistic that petroleum energy will someday run out and since some environmental problems caused by petroleum use are getting worse. As alternatives to today’s main energy source, oil, some others have been proposed already, such as solar, water, biomass, and nuclear. 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Competitiveness of Singapore with other Destinations

Question: Describe about the Report for Competitiveness of Singapore with other Destinations. Answer: Introduction This essay has been discussed about the critical issues in tourism in Asia specific reason. The destination Singapore has been chosen for the analysis. This essay has been discussed about the tourism of Singapore and main attributes which has competitiveness for the designation. Singapore is a small and independent country in the world with the mixture of different religions. Today, Singapore is a prosperous state in South-east Asia. It is financially strong country and also famous for Asias economic tigers. It is also famous for its stability and safety in all over the world (BBC, 2016). Singapore is world famous for its tourism destination. It is famous for its art, culture, nature, wildlife, shopping, hotels, festivals, events, food and much more. Singapore is always a popular country among Australian tourist for travel. The main attributes of Singapore and that importance are discussed below: Singapore is one of the largest sectors in tourism in all over the world. Although it is small country but it always gives competition to the other counties in entertainment array (yoursingapore, 2016). Singapore is the famous for many attributes like hotels, festivals, green environment etc. Singapore is the main destination for tourist in all over Asia. It is famous destination for businessmen because of being rich economy and financial hub in the world. It is also famous for festivals and events which are organized in Singapore in time to time. Tourist can have fun throughout the year. The main attribute of Singapore competitiveness is special events that are organized by different countries in Singapore. There are many events take place in Singapore because this country is considered as the safest country in the world. Apart from this, the location of Singapore is in centre which can be accessed by all (Singapore Tourism, 2016). For determining the competitive advantage of Singapore, the model of destination competitiveness has been taken which is given by Ritchie and crouch. Model emphasize that Singapore is achieving success by creating strategic advantage. Figure 1: Destination Competitiveness (Source: Ritchie Crouch, 2010) The global (macro) environment In the model, the global (macro) environment consists of a vast array of phenomena which impact travel and tourism industry of the country. Macro environment is global in its scope. Events those took place in Singapore is the array by which travel and tourism industry have positive impact. Macro environmental factors consist of six principal groups related to the economy, technology, ecology, political and legal developments, socio cultural issues, and the constantly evolving demographic environment. The competitive (micro) environment Micro environment consists of destinations immediate arena of tourism activities and competition. Customers who are tourists also should be the focus in the micro environment. The Australians choose Singapore because of some reasons: A shoppers paradise, best facilities of hotels and a nation of educated people. The visiting of tourist has increased because of its events and festivals and Singapore gets opportunity to create more entertainment so that people come again and again and stay there for a long time. Core resources and attractors This component of the model describes the primary elements of destination appeal. It is these factors that are the key motivators for visitation to a destination. Special events represent a distinctive extension to that of the activities mix. The events of Singapore always attract Australian tourists. They give preference Singapore as compared to other countries. Many events like COMEX IT fair and sales events that organized every year in the country, are the centre of attractions for tourists. Australian tourists who come for the business events also enjoy fun events there. They also experience different variety of food and night life of Singapore. They like the mix culture of Singapore. Australians always give preference to easy life and in Singapore, they always get easy way of life with lots of fun and entertainment (Koumelis, 2012). Competitive analysis It is an evaluation of how destination compare to other destination. For the comparison, Macau has been taken. Macau is also a leading tourism country in the world. Many tourists come from Australia to Macau every year. Macau is a great city with unique cultural background. It has also good hotels and casino for tourists (Business news, 2011). Macau is a small city as compared to Singapore so accessibility of destinations is close to each other. In spite of all these good things, Macau is not the first choice of Australians for business events compared to Singapore. First Reason is that Macau has met a financial crisis in 2008 and it decreased in the number of tourist and income. Second, Macau is dependent on China government so it is not so much financially strong compared to Singapore. Third is that Macau is famous for gambling. So, it is not considered as the safe place compared to Singapore by Australians (Elaine, Ken, Moses, Raynis, Raymond, N.D.). Destination management This component consists of those activities which implement planning framework. The philosophy is to develop the destination with respect to economic, social and environmental goals. Brand image is a set of belief held by consumer for any specific brand, product or service (Kapferer, 2012). Singapore is famous for business events which are organized by different countries. It is always the favorite choice of Australian market for conducting events. The management board of Singapore tourism, Singapore Tourism Board, It has launched a branding campaign named Uniquely Singapore for tourists. It is an attempt to attract tourists of other countries by showing the unique image of Singapore. This campaign delivers a high level of service quality and satisfaction. Singapore Tourism Board has also been focusing on Australian tourists with the one of marketing campaign named Get lost and find the real Singapore. With this STB promoted a new tourism plan named Tourism 21-Vision of a Tourism Cap ital. The main aim of this plan is to offer memorable holiday experience. Reason to do business events in Singapore rather than other countries is that it is a small but financially rich country. The best and modern infrastructure makes it a green and clean country so it attracts tourists to travel there (Yee, 2009). The current situation of Singapore in tourism is very good and there is no doubt that it will be a great hub for new attraction and events. The biggest challenge for Singapore will be that there is lack of resources because it is a small country. There are recommendations to Singapore, which can be given that it should increase more technology to increase number of visit of tourist. It could also make the trip better and easy for them. For better performance, Singapore should do research on the views of tourists that what is the view of public on Singapores identity. Conclusion It has been concluded that Singapore has different qualities from other countries as Malaysia, Hong Kong, Fiji, Macau and South Korea etc. It is also the country of clean and green land and sounds politically safe. It is the most leading tourism destination and popular choice of Australian tourists because of its food, hotels, transport, nightlife, culture, festivals and events. The transportation of Singapore is a big strength for the country that provides best convenience to visitors. The mixture of traditional and modern culture has surprised the Australians. This campaign is mainly for Australians so that can enjoy the real Singapore and consider the Singapore as a best destination in future. Reference BBC news (2016), Singapore country profileaccessed on 17th August 2016 from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15961759 Business news (2011), Singapore most competitive tourism industry in Asia, accessed on 17th August 2016 from https://sbr.com.sg/hotels-tourism/news/singapore-most-competitive-tourism-industry-in-asia Elaine, F.I.M., Ken, L.T.M., Moses, H. K.I., Raynis, C.I.H., Raymond, H.M., (N.D.), Develop Macau as a Sustainable Tourism Destination in terms of Hotel industry, Macau:Macaus university Kapferer, J.N.,(2012), The New Strategic Brand Management: Advanced Insights and Strategic Thinking (5th edition), GB: Kogan page ltd.Koumelis,T.,(2012), Singapore tourism: Competing at a new level, accessed on 17th August 2017 from https://www.traveldailynews.asia/columns/article/49671/singapore-tourism-competing-at-a Singapore Tourism (2016), accessed on 17th august 2016 from https://www.stb.gov.sg/about-stb/what-we-do/Pages/Marketing-Singapore.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 Yee,F.W.,(2009), Nation branding: A case study of Singapore, Los vegas: University of Nevada Yoursingapore (2016), accessed on 17th August 2016 from https://www.yoursingapore.com/en_in/editorials/10-reasons-to-visit-singapore-2016.html

The History of Italian Theatre Essay Example For Students

The History of Italian Theatre Essay The Italian Renaissance occurred from 1550 1700. The rapid economic growth in Italy during this time made it possible for the more wealthy citizens to indulge in alternate forms of entertainment. Wealthy families such as the Medics began a system of patronage, in which they would finance artists to produce art in many forms. Italian theatre used the plays of ancient Greek and Roman theatre (dramas) as well as mediaeval theatre (religious plays) as a foundation. Comedic delegate The main style used by theatre groups in Italy during this period was called comedic or Comedic delegate. Comedic delegate or the comedy of professional artists was a mainstay in Italian theatre during its renaissance. This included bits of comedy performed by different actors called lazuli. The type of comedy used in the Italian Renaissance was what is now known as slapstick or farce. This was a comedy style, which highlighted pain or misfortune occurring to the actors in a humorous context. For the most part the actors in these comedies used no scripts. The actors were given a plot or scenario and acted out these plots in a humorous way. These performances were often vulgar and obscene. We will write a custom essay on The History of Italian Theatre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Standardize characters developed and appeared in familiar costumes and wearing masks. The character standards for Comedic included these general outlines: Pantaloon: A greedy old man, merchant or fool, often lustful, conniving, and meddling. Tottered: A drunk, often professor or doctor dressed in a cap and gown. Capitan: A soldier who was braggadocios and cowardly. Inamorata: Young lovers who appeared quite normal compared to the rest of the characters. zinnia: Foolish servants. Usually two servants, one being drunk and more foolish than his cohort. Neoclassicists were rigid critics of Italian drama. They developed rules for theatre performances that survived for nearly 200 years in Europe. These mandates were claimed to have been derived from Greek and Roman models. Five central concepts of neoclassicism are as follows; verisimilitude, decorum, purity of genres, the three unities, and two fold purpose. Verisimilitude The seeking of truth. An attempt to portray the performance as a reasonable interpretation of what is real or reasonably expected in real life. Decorum The way in which characters of certain classes behaved according to that class. Age, sex, rank, and profession would be acted out as if the characters held those standings. A strong sense of moral right and wrong was upheld, reflected by the punishment of evil, and the rewarding of good. Purity of Genres Comedy and tragedy were never mixed. The elements of one genre were never to be interspersed with the performance of another. The use of the chorus, the dues ex machine, and the soliloquy, was prohibited. The Three Unities The concept of the unity of time, place, and action. Unity of time required a reasonable time for the action of the play to take place; usually no more than 24 hours. Unity of place required that the play should include no more than one place or location. Unity of action required that there be no sub plots, secondary plots or counter-plots. Two Fold Purpose The two purposes of neoclassical Italian plays were to teach and entertain. Opera Opera is the one form of Italian renaissance theatre that still survives to this day. It was developed in the late asses in Florence. Opera was originally an attempt to recreate a genuine Greek tragedy. Observing the Greek fusion of music and drama, the originators of opera attempted, and succeeded in, producing a completely sung illegal in their interpretations. Opera is a form of drama that creates its mood, actions, and characters through music. .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .postImageUrl , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:hover , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:visited , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:active { border:0!important; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:active , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Architecture: Words or Shapes EssayThe first opera on record is called Deafen (1597). The text of the opera was written by, Titivation Ruining (1562 1621). The music was scored by, Jackpot Peer (1561-1633). The opera, which consisted of a prologue and six scenes, was performed during the pre- Lenten Carnival of Palazzo Coors. The Camera Formation, an academy of wealthy Italians who studied ancient Greek and Roman theatre, produced Deafen. Performers can sing the librettos; these performances are called an aria (solo), a duet, a trio, and a quartet respectively. The visual display (intermezzo), along with musical excellence and strong performances, keep opera alive as a form of powerful dramatic art. Staging, Scenery, and Lighting The use of perspective drawing as a means to capture realistic backdrops was a common theme among 16th century stage designers. The illusion of depth was achieved through perspective drawing techniques using vanishing points as objects appeared closer to the horizon; they were painted smaller and smaller on their scenic backdrops. The first use of this technique is believed to have occurred in 508, for a performance of Arrestors La Cascaras. A leading author and set creator named Sebastian Serial wrote about this technique and other scene design methods in his book Architecture (1545). Different kinds of illusionists backdrops settings were developed for the three major types of plays of the era (comic, pastoral, and tragic). A three-sided revolving prism called the perestroika, was developed to change between different settings. This was quite an innovation for its time, as the scenery could be changed right before the audiences eyes. Other advances included the proscenium Ramee and front curtain along with varied flying machines (glories) and other special effects. Lighting inside the dark theaters of renaissance Italy also had to be addressed. Oil lamps and candles were the primary source of stage lighting. Though candles and lamps produced some smoke, they were placed in chandeliers and on the front of the stage. Placing translucent receptacles or canisters over them could dim candles when lower light levels were called for. Due to the size and lack of sufficient lighting of the theatres, artificial lighting was an ever-present necessity. The History of Italian Theatre Essay Example For Students The History of Italian Theatre Essay The Italian Renaissance occurred from 1550 1700. The rapid economic growth in Italy during this time made it possible for the more wealthy citizens to indulge in alternate forms of entertainment. Wealthy families such as the Medics began a system of patronage, in which they would finance artists to produce art in many forms. Italian theatre used the plays of ancient Greek and Roman theatre (dramas) as well as mediaeval theatre (religious plays) as a foundation. Comedic delegate The main style used by theatre groups in Italy during this period was called comedic or Comedic delegate. Comedic delegate or the comedy of professional artists was a mainstay in Italian theatre during its renaissance. This included bits of comedy performed by different actors called lazuli. The type of comedy used in the Italian Renaissance was what is now known as slapstick or farce. This was a comedy style, which highlighted pain or misfortune occurring to the actors in a humorous context. For the most part the actors in these comedies used no scripts. The actors were given a plot or scenario and acted out these plots in a humorous way. These performances were often vulgar and obscene. We will write a custom essay on The History of Italian Theatre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Standardize characters developed and appeared in familiar costumes and wearing masks. The character standards for Comedic included these general outlines: Pantaloon: A greedy old man, merchant or fool, often lustful, conniving, and meddling. Tottered: A drunk, often professor or doctor dressed in a cap and gown. Capitan: A soldier who was braggadocios and cowardly. Inamorata: Young lovers who appeared quite normal compared to the rest of the characters. zinnia: Foolish servants. Usually two servants, one being drunk and more foolish than his cohort. Neoclassicists were rigid critics of Italian drama. They developed rules for theatre performances that survived for nearly 200 years in Europe. These mandates were claimed to have been derived from Greek and Roman models. Five central concepts of neoclassicism are as follows; verisimilitude, decorum, purity of genres, the three unities, and two fold purpose. Verisimilitude The seeking of truth. An attempt to portray the performance as a reasonable interpretation of what is real or reasonably expected in real life. Decorum The way in which characters of certain classes behaved according to that class. Age, sex, rank, and profession would be acted out as if the characters held those standings. A strong sense of moral right and wrong was upheld, reflected by the punishment of evil, and the rewarding of good. Purity of Genres Comedy and tragedy were never mixed. The elements of one genre were never to be interspersed with the performance of another. The use of the chorus, the dues ex machine, and the soliloquy, was prohibited. The Three Unities The concept of the unity of time, place, and action. Unity of time required a reasonable time for the action of the play to take place; usually no more than 24 hours. Unity of place required that the play should include no more than one place or location. Unity of action required that there be no sub plots, secondary plots or counter-plots. Two Fold Purpose The two purposes of neoclassical Italian plays were to teach and entertain. Opera Opera is the one form of Italian renaissance theatre that still survives to this day. It was developed in the late asses in Florence. Opera was originally an attempt to recreate a genuine Greek tragedy. Observing the Greek fusion of music and drama, the originators of opera attempted, and succeeded in, producing a completely sung illegal in their interpretations. Opera is a form of drama that creates its mood, actions, and characters through music. .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .postImageUrl , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:hover , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:visited , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:active { border:0!important; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:active , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Architecture: Words or Shapes EssayThe first opera on record is called Deafen (1597). The text of the opera was written by, Titivation Ruining (1562 1621). The music was scored by, Jackpot Peer (1561-1633). The opera, which consisted of a prologue and six scenes, was performed during the pre- Lenten Carnival of Palazzo Coors. The Camera Formation, an academy of wealthy Italians who studied ancient Greek and Roman theatre, produced Deafen. Performers can sing the librettos; these performances are called an aria (solo), a duet, a trio, and a quartet respectively. The visual display (intermezzo), along with musical excellence and strong performances, keep opera alive as a form of powerful dramatic art. Staging, Scenery, and Lighting The use of perspective drawing as a means to capture realistic backdrops was a common theme among 16th century stage designers. The illusion of depth was achieved through perspective drawing techniques using vanishing points as objects appeared closer to the horizon; they were painted smaller and smaller on their scenic backdrops. The first use of this technique is believed to have occurred in 508, for a performance of Arrestors La Cascaras. A leading author and set creator named Sebastian Serial wrote about this technique and other scene design methods in his book Architecture (1545). Different kinds of illusionists backdrops settings were developed for the three major types of plays of the era (comic, pastoral, and tragic). A three-sided revolving prism called the perestroika, was developed to change between different settings. This was quite an innovation for its time, as the scenery could be changed right before the audiences eyes. Other advances included the proscenium Ramee and front curtain along with varied flying machines (glories) and other special effects. Lighting inside the dark theaters of renaissance Italy also had to be addressed. Oil lamps and candles were the primary source of stage lighting. Though candles and lamps produced some smoke, they were placed in chandeliers and on the front of the stage. Placing translucent receptacles or canisters over them could dim candles when lower light levels were called for. Due to the size and lack of sufficient lighting of the theatres, artificial lighting was an ever-present necessity. The History of Italian Theatre Essay Example For Students The History of Italian Theatre Essay The Italian Renaissance occurred from 1550 1700. The rapid economic growth in Italy during this time made it possible for the more wealthy citizens to indulge in alternate forms of entertainment. Wealthy families such as the Medics began a system of patronage, in which they would finance artists to produce art in many forms. Italian theatre used the plays of ancient Greek and Roman theatre (dramas) as well as mediaeval theatre (religious plays) as a foundation. Comedic delegate The main style used by theatre groups in Italy during this period was called comedic or Comedic delegate. Comedic delegate or the comedy of professional artists was a mainstay in Italian theatre during its renaissance. This included bits of comedy performed by different actors called lazuli. The type of comedy used in the Italian Renaissance was what is now known as slapstick or farce. This was a comedy style, which highlighted pain or misfortune occurring to the actors in a humorous context. For the most part the actors in these comedies used no scripts. The actors were given a plot or scenario and acted out these plots in a humorous way. These performances were often vulgar and obscene. We will write a custom essay on The History of Italian Theatre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Standardize characters developed and appeared in familiar costumes and wearing masks. The character standards for Comedic included these general outlines: Pantaloon: A greedy old man, merchant or fool, often lustful, conniving, and meddling. Tottered: A drunk, often professor or doctor dressed in a cap and gown. Capitan: A soldier who was braggadocios and cowardly. Inamorata: Young lovers who appeared quite normal compared to the rest of the characters. zinnia: Foolish servants. Usually two servants, one being drunk and more foolish than his cohort. Neoclassicists were rigid critics of Italian drama. They developed rules for theatre performances that survived for nearly 200 years in Europe. These mandates were claimed to have been derived from Greek and Roman models. Five central concepts of neoclassicism are as follows; verisimilitude, decorum, purity of genres, the three unities, and two fold purpose. Verisimilitude The seeking of truth. An attempt to portray the performance as a reasonable interpretation of what is real or reasonably expected in real life. Decorum The way in which characters of certain classes behaved according to that class. Age, sex, rank, and profession would be acted out as if the characters held those standings. A strong sense of moral right and wrong was upheld, reflected by the punishment of evil, and the rewarding of good. Purity of Genres Comedy and tragedy were never mixed. The elements of one genre were never to be interspersed with the performance of another. The use of the chorus, the dues ex machine, and the soliloquy, was prohibited. The Three Unities The concept of the unity of time, place, and action. Unity of time required a reasonable time for the action of the play to take place; usually no more than 24 hours. Unity of place required that the play should include no more than one place or location. Unity of action required that there be no sub plots, secondary plots or counter-plots. Two Fold Purpose The two purposes of neoclassical Italian plays were to teach and entertain. Opera Opera is the one form of Italian renaissance theatre that still survives to this day. It was developed in the late asses in Florence. Opera was originally an attempt to recreate a genuine Greek tragedy. Observing the Greek fusion of music and drama, the originators of opera attempted, and succeeded in, producing a completely sung illegal in their interpretations. Opera is a form of drama that creates its mood, actions, and characters through music. .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .postImageUrl , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:hover , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:visited , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:active { border:0!important; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:active , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Architecture: Words or Shapes EssayThe first opera on record is called Deafen (1597). The text of the opera was written by, Titivation Ruining (1562 1621). The music was scored by, Jackpot Peer (1561-1633). The opera, which consisted of a prologue and six scenes, was performed during the pre- Lenten Carnival of Palazzo Coors. The Camera Formation, an academy of wealthy Italians who studied ancient Greek and Roman theatre, produced Deafen. Performers can sing the librettos; these performances are called an aria (solo), a duet, a trio, and a quartet respectively. The visual display (intermezzo), along with musical excellence and strong performances, keep opera alive as a form of powerful dramatic art. Staging, Scenery, and Lighting The use of perspective drawing as a means to capture realistic backdrops was a common theme among 16th century stage designers. The illusion of depth was achieved through perspective drawing techniques using vanishing points as objects appeared closer to the horizon; they were painted smaller and smaller on their scenic backdrops. The first use of this technique is believed to have occurred in 508, for a performance of Arrestors La Cascaras. A leading author and set creator named Sebastian Serial wrote about this technique and other scene design methods in his book Architecture (1545). Different kinds of illusionists backdrops settings were developed for the three major types of plays of the era (comic, pastoral, and tragic). A three-sided revolving prism called the perestroika, was developed to change between different settings. This was quite an innovation for its time, as the scenery could be changed right before the audiences eyes. Other advances included the proscenium Ramee and front curtain along with varied flying machines (glories) and other special effects. Lighting inside the dark theaters of renaissance Italy also had to be addressed. Oil lamps and candles were the primary source of stage lighting. Though candles and lamps produced some smoke, they were placed in chandeliers and on the front of the stage. Placing translucent receptacles or canisters over them could dim candles when lower light levels were called for. Due to the size and lack of sufficient lighting of the theatres, artificial lighting was an ever-present necessity. The History of Italian Theatre Essay Example For Students The History of Italian Theatre Essay The Italian Renaissance occurred from 1550 1700. The rapid economic growth in Italy during this time made it possible for the more wealthy citizens to indulge in alternate forms of entertainment. Wealthy families such as the Medics began a system of patronage, in which they would finance artists to produce art in many forms. Italian theatre used the plays of ancient Greek and Roman theatre (dramas) as well as mediaeval theatre (religious plays) as a foundation. Comedic delegate The main style used by theatre groups in Italy during this period was called comedic or Comedic delegate. Comedic delegate or the comedy of professional artists was a mainstay in Italian theatre during its renaissance. This included bits of comedy performed by different actors called lazuli. The type of comedy used in the Italian Renaissance was what is now known as slapstick or farce. This was a comedy style, which highlighted pain or misfortune occurring to the actors in a humorous context. For the most part the actors in these comedies used no scripts. The actors were given a plot or scenario and acted out these plots in a humorous way. These performances were often vulgar and obscene. We will write a custom essay on The History of Italian Theatre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Standardize characters developed and appeared in familiar costumes and wearing masks. The character standards for Comedic included these general outlines: Pantaloon: A greedy old man, merchant or fool, often lustful, conniving, and meddling. Tottered: A drunk, often professor or doctor dressed in a cap and gown. Capitan: A soldier who was braggadocios and cowardly. Inamorata: Young lovers who appeared quite normal compared to the rest of the characters. zinnia: Foolish servants. Usually two servants, one being drunk and more foolish than his cohort. Neoclassicists were rigid critics of Italian drama. They developed rules for theatre performances that survived for nearly 200 years in Europe. These mandates were claimed to have been derived from Greek and Roman models. Five central concepts of neoclassicism are as follows; verisimilitude, decorum, purity of genres, the three unities, and two fold purpose. Verisimilitude The seeking of truth. An attempt to portray the performance as a reasonable interpretation of what is real or reasonably expected in real life. Decorum The way in which characters of certain classes behaved according to that class. Age, sex, rank, and profession would be acted out as if the characters held those standings. A strong sense of moral right and wrong was upheld, reflected by the punishment of evil, and the rewarding of good. Purity of Genres Comedy and tragedy were never mixed. The elements of one genre were never to be interspersed with the performance of another. The use of the chorus, the dues ex machine, and the soliloquy, was prohibited. The Three Unities The concept of the unity of time, place, and action. Unity of time required a reasonable time for the action of the play to take place; usually no more than 24 hours. Unity of place required that the play should include no more than one place or location. Unity of action required that there be no sub plots, secondary plots or counter-plots. Two Fold Purpose The two purposes of neoclassical Italian plays were to teach and entertain. Opera Opera is the one form of Italian renaissance theatre that still survives to this day. It was developed in the late asses in Florence. Opera was originally an attempt to recreate a genuine Greek tragedy. Observing the Greek fusion of music and drama, the originators of opera attempted, and succeeded in, producing a completely sung illegal in their interpretations. Opera is a form of drama that creates its mood, actions, and characters through music. .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .postImageUrl , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:hover , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:visited , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:active { border:0!important; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:active , .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623 .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf78b5835ba511400e19e2de624776623:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Architecture: Words or Shapes EssayThe first opera on record is called Deafen (1597). The text of the opera was written by, Titivation Ruining (1562 1621). The music was scored by, Jackpot Peer (1561-1633). The opera, which consisted of a prologue and six scenes, was performed during the pre- Lenten Carnival of Palazzo Coors. The Camera Formation, an academy of wealthy Italians who studied ancient Greek and Roman theatre, produced Deafen. Performers can sing the librettos; these performances are called an aria (solo), a duet, a trio, and a quartet respectively. The visual display (intermezzo), along with musical excellence and strong performances, keep opera alive as a form of powerful dramatic art. Staging, Scenery, and Lighting The use of perspective drawing as a means to capture realistic backdrops was a common theme among 16th century stage designers. The illusion of depth was achieved through perspective drawing techniques using vanishing points as objects appeared closer to the horizon; they were painted smaller and smaller on their scenic backdrops. The first use of this technique is believed to have occurred in 508, for a performance of Arrestors La Cascaras. A leading author and set creator named Sebastian Serial wrote about this technique and other scene design methods in his book Architecture (1545). Different kinds of illusionists backdrops settings were developed for the three major types of plays of the era (comic, pastoral, and tragic). A three-sided revolving prism called the perestroika, was developed to change between different settings. This was quite an innovation for its time, as the scenery could be changed right before the audiences eyes. Other advances included the proscenium Ramee and front curtain along with varied flying machines (glories) and other special effects. Lighting inside the dark theaters of renaissance Italy also had to be addressed. Oil lamps and candles were the primary source of stage lighting. Though candles and lamps produced some smoke, they were placed in chandeliers and on the front of the stage. Placing translucent receptacles or canisters over them could dim candles when lower light levels were called for. Due to the size and lack of sufficient lighting of the theatres, artificial lighting was an ever-present necessity.

Free Essays on Robert Browning

Robert Browning’s poem â€Å"My last Duchess† is spoken from the perspective of the Duke and conveys the Dukes personality through the literary form of a dramatic monologue. It involves a fictional account of the Duke addressing an envoy from the Count to talk of details for the hopeful marriage to the Count’s daughter. The subtitle of this monologue is â€Å"Ferrara,† which suggests an historical reference to Alfonso II, the fifth Duke of Ferrara in Italy in the mid-sixteenth century. The objective of the Duke is to attempt to sway the envoy’s opinion of himself to obtain the maximum dowry possible in pursuit of this marriage. The reader is directed to imagine the Duke walking with the envoy through his art gallery and the Duke stops to show him a painting of his last Duchess that is presently covered by a curtain. â€Å"Since none puts by / the curtain I have drawn for you, but I† (9-10). This curtain is the first reference to the Dukes selfish, jealous, and protective traits. The Duke uses the curtain as a method of controlling his wife, even after her death. Other men admiring her beauty was unacceptable, so by hiding the painting behind a curtain, he controls who is allowed to gaze upon her. â€Å"Sir, ‘twas not / her husband’s presence only, called that spot / of joy into the Duchess’ cheek† (13-15). The Duke mentions the blush on the cheek that the duchess has in the painting and assumes that Fr Pandolf, the painter, was attracted to the Duchess and possibly paid her a compliment. â€Å"Her mantle laps Over my lady’s wrist too much,’ or ‘Paint Must never hope to reproduce the faint Half-flush that dies along her throat.† (16-19) The Duke assumes that Fr Pandolf was most likely flirting with the Duchess and that she was flirting back with him. This demonstrates that the Duke was extremely jealous and could not stand to have his wife admired by other men. The Duke is not happy with the manner in w... Free Essays on Robert Browning Free Essays on Robert Browning Robert Browning’s poem â€Å"My last Duchess† is spoken from the perspective of the Duke and conveys the Dukes personality through the literary form of a dramatic monologue. It involves a fictional account of the Duke addressing an envoy from the Count to talk of details for the hopeful marriage to the Count’s daughter. The subtitle of this monologue is â€Å"Ferrara,† which suggests an historical reference to Alfonso II, the fifth Duke of Ferrara in Italy in the mid-sixteenth century. The objective of the Duke is to attempt to sway the envoy’s opinion of himself to obtain the maximum dowry possible in pursuit of this marriage. The reader is directed to imagine the Duke walking with the envoy through his art gallery and the Duke stops to show him a painting of his last Duchess that is presently covered by a curtain. â€Å"Since none puts by / the curtain I have drawn for you, but I† (9-10). This curtain is the first reference to the Dukes selfish, jealous, and protective traits. The Duke uses the curtain as a method of controlling his wife, even after her death. Other men admiring her beauty was unacceptable, so by hiding the painting behind a curtain, he controls who is allowed to gaze upon her. â€Å"Sir, ‘twas not / her husband’s presence only, called that spot / of joy into the Duchess’ cheek† (13-15). The Duke mentions the blush on the cheek that the duchess has in the painting and assumes that Fr Pandolf, the painter, was attracted to the Duchess and possibly paid her a compliment. â€Å"Her mantle laps Over my lady’s wrist too much,’ or ‘Paint Must never hope to reproduce the faint Half-flush that dies along her throat.† (16-19) The Duke assumes that Fr Pandolf was most likely flirting with the Duchess and that she was flirting back with him. This demonstrates that the Duke was extremely jealous and could not stand to have his wife admired by other men. The Duke is not happy with the manner in w...

Banking System and Macroeconomic Effects †MyAssignmenthelp

Crypto currencies are forms of digital currency. These currencies use encryption techniques in order to regulate the generation of currency units. Bitcoin is one such crypto currency. Crypto currency is not yet considered as a legal tender in most countries. In fact, at present most of the central banks of the world are putting efforts to ban the trade of crypto currencies. Over the last few years, certain crypto currencies like Bitcoin have garnered immense attention from across different traders owing to their volatile nature. Bitcoin was introduced in the year 2009. The currency is traded without a middleman and with zero bank involvement. It is a peer to peer network through which this currency is traded and transactions are made directly to the parties. Bit coin can be used to trade in goods and services, some use it as a form of investment and some are using it for making payment of businesses (Popper, N., 2015). However, most countries have yet not accepted it as a legal payme nt methodology. It is similar to digital cash transaction as Bitcoin can also be sent through mobile applications and puters. Bitcoin is stored in a digital wallet. These wallets are used as a virtual bank account that allows users to save, send and receive their payments. These wallets are not recognised by the FDIC as methods of paying for goods or services. Bitcoin works as a medium of exchange for goods and services in four countries at the moment which are Japan, Canada, Germany and Holland. Bitcoin is considered to be a form of currency as it can be stored for future investments (Forrester and Solomon, 2013). Bitcoin investment of an individual can also reflect upon the purchasing power of consumer. Consumer have the option to buy the currency, hold it in their accounts or book profits as they deem profitable depending upon the volatility in the market (Bit coin, 2018). Merchants who accept Bit coin as a payment can convert it into standard currency that is in Dollars, Euros etc. Bitcoin has some advantages as it introduces a new payment mechanism; tipping system, automated payment solution, time locked payment management, public asset tracking, low trust escrow services, micro payment channels and more such facilities (Bit coin, 2018). Another advantage of Bitcoin is that its high volatility in the currency market makes it a ‘high risk and high return’ asset. Pegging any currency against the dollar refers to the act of fixing the currency value with respect to the value of Dollar. In other words we can say that the value of US dollar against the other currency is fixed and will not move irrespective of how the market functions. The process of pegging currency with US dollar is often conducted in oil extracting countries as US is the largest importer of oil. GCC economies are the third largest economy. The growth of this economy is highly dependent on selling oil (The Economist, 2018). By pegging the GCC against Dollar has several advantages and disadvantages. Pegging of currency eliminates the risk of currency fluctuations and the risks associated with it. This provides stability to the currency in the international currency market. Pegging encourages the regional currency valuation as the dollar is considered to be the standard currency and by pegging with dollar, currency of other country does not fluctuate (Brooking, 2018). In countries like Saudi Arabia and Venezuela pegging with US dollar has been done in order to protect the countries from the risk of currency fluctuations because US is the major importer for oil. Various countries opt for pegging in order to increase external trade in the country. As external trade increases, the GDP of the country also increases. When pegging of a currency is done to a higher value currency then the value of the country enhances in the public opinion making it an attractive destination to invest. Therefore investment b es easier in that country. This process also protect country from speculation Pegging also gives freedom to set rules and economic policies, interest rates and help to control inflation in the country. Therefore countries must peg their currencies to dollar in order to limit their risks. If a country currency is pegged with the US dollar then the country can take more loan as it will have a more stable environment and economy. Pegging also helps in getting better deals for international loans and interest rates provided the economy’s inflation is in control. The loan taken in the dollar value is harder to pay off because dollar has the high value as pared to the other currency. Therefore in the longer run, pegging would result in rising cost of capital and increased import prices (Espinoza and Prasad, 2010).   The country which pegs it’s currency with the USD has to maintain a high reserve of dollars. It means central bank of that country has to hold a high amount of reserves in US dollars (Financial Times, 2018). Holding of foreign currency reserve (dollar) indulges a cost which adversely affects the economy. Pegging also leads to an increase in inflation. Growth and development of a country is dependent on the performance of dollar. Monetary policies are restricted in every country and are wholly dependent on the performance of the currency to which the currency is pegged. Similarly in the case of US dollar and countries pegged with it, it means that if the value of US dollar falls the currency of other country will also fall and vice versa. Bitcoin, 2018. ‘Bit coin for developers’. [Online]. Available at:   https://Bit coin.org/en/Bit coin-for-developers [ACCESSED ON 30 th march 2018] Bitcoin, 2018. ‘Bit coin for individual’. [Online]. Available at:   https://Bit coin.org/en/Bit coin-for-individuals. [ACCESSED ON 30 th march 2018] Brooking, (2018). ‘Sustaining the GCC currency pegs: The need for collaboration’. [Online]. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/research/sustaining-the-gcc-currency-pegs-the-need-for-collaboration/. [ACCESSED ON 31 th march 2018] Espinoza, R.A. and Prasad, A., 2010.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœNonperforming loans in the GCC banking system and their macroeconomic effects (No. 10-224)’. International Monetary Fund. Financial Times, 2018. ‘Gulf’s dollar peg makes sense’. [Online]. Available at:   https://www.eiu /industry/article/1725886356/will-the-gulf-co-operation-council-currency-pegs-survive/2017-09-13. [ACCESSED ON 31th march 2018] Forrester, D. and Solomon, M., 2013.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœBitcoin explained: Today's plete guide to tomorrow's currency’. CreateSpace Independent publishing platform. Popper, N., 2015.  Digital gold: Bitcoin and the inside story of the misfits and millionaires trying to reinvent money  (pp. 156-197). New York: Harper. Tanha, H. and Dempsey, M., 2017. Derivatives usage in emerging markets following the GFC: Evidence from the GCC countries.  Emerging Markets Finance and Trade,  53(1), pp.170-179. The Economist, 2018. ‘Financial Services’. [Online]. Available at:   https://www.eiu /industry/article/1725886356/will-the-gulf-co-operation-council-currency-pegs-survive/2017-09-13. [ACCESSED ON 30 th march 2018]. The National, 2018. ‘Why GCC states should ditch the dollar peg and switch to a currency basket’. [Online]. Available at: https://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/why-gcc-states-should-ditch-the-dollar-peg-and-switch-to-a-currency-basket-1.700668. [ACCESSED ON 31 th march 2018]

Contract & Purchase Negotiation Creating a Deadlock Flinching Essay

Contract & Purchase Negotiation Creating a Deadlock Flinching - Essay Example Deadlocks in negotiations can be overcome through the set aside tactic; changing the mood from competitive or resistive to cooperative; introducing deadlines; changing the negotiating team to find conforming match to other party or to ease emotional baggage etc. Flinching is a manipulative tactic used by offerees in contract negotiations. No matter how sweet an offer is, offerees would act indignantly to conceal their joy as way to convince the offerors that their offer or proposal is not sufficiently good. Flinching can take such forms: gasping for air suddenly, shaking of the head and visible expressions of shock, disappointment, and surprise. However, as offeror you can overcome flinching technique by sticking to your initial request and avoiding statements such as, lets now look the costs because they can force you into concessions. On the other hand, offerees can neutralize ‘flinching’ by using questions to get to the bottom of the proposed terms to determine if the other party is trying pulling a fast one or is being honest with the stated

Critical Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Critical Review - Essay Example In general, there is a strong relationship between the oil prices in the world market and the number of registered vehicles in each country (Kenworthy). Basically, when oil prices in the world market suddenly increases, the urban transport systems within the U.S. will be negatively affected. To avoid sudden disruption in the U.S. transport system, the U.S. government is being challenged to promote the efficiency with the excessive consumption of crude oil on vehicles. Aiming to solve the vehicle problem related to energy wastage, air pollution and traffic congestion, a list of recommended strategies that can reduce the U.S.’s automobile dependence will be thoroughly discussed. There is a strong relationship between the high cost of maintaining private vehicles and the use of public transportation. (Kenworthy and Laube) Since the U.S. urban cities consume a large volume of gasoline for transportation use as compared to other developed countries like Canada and Europe (Kenworthy; Kenworthy and Laube; Khisty and Ayvalik), government internvention is necessary to effectively control the number of private and public transportation that travels around the city each day. As recently proposed by Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, there should be a US$0.50 cents increase in transportation sales taxes in order to solve the problem related to highway congestion (McGreevy and Vogel). Aside from increasing sales tax from the costs of public transportation, there was also a plan to increase the state excise tax on the sales of gasoline (Riphagen). Because of the added tax on gasoline, more people with private vehicles would eventually consider the use of public transportation like AC Transit or BART. On top of increasing the costs of gasoline through excise tax, increasing the number of metered parking places throughout each state is another way to encourage the people to reconsider taking the public transportation, the use of bicycle, and/or walking (De Turenne;

General Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Essay -- Mental Disorder Essays

Mental disorder, two simple words that can stir up a storm of emotions. Habitually mistaken by general society as â€Å"deranged† or â€Å"unstable†, the words mental disorder, often, tend to have a negative cognition associated with them. This should not be the case. The misunderstanding that mental disorder is automatically equivalent of that to being psychotic and erratic leaves many individuals feeling isolated, and distressed to share their helplessness due to fear of social stigma. Further public education is required to eradicate this unfortunate social stigma. So what categorically is a mental disorder? Although it can range from minor to severe impairment, and include a vast variety of conditions, mental disorders can generally be defined as: a mental or behavioral pattern that causes distress or disability and which is not developmentally or socially normative (Raskin,2012). Standardly, to diagnose a mental disorder the International Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders (ICD), published by the World Health Organization, or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, are used (Bolton,2008). This essay will focus on General Anxiety Disorder (GAD). First the essay will discuss what GAD is and how it is diagnosed. The essay will then explore the differences of GAD between the general male and female populations, subsequently, look into brain activity and hormones, as well as lightly touch on other causes of GAD. Finally, an explanation of the gender differences of GAD will be discussed form a biopsychological standpoint. The DSM-IV-TR defines General Anxiety Disorder, also known as chronic anxiety neurosis, in shorter terms, as â€Å"chronic... ...-anxiety food solution: how the foods you eat can help you calm your anxious mind, improve your mood, & end cravings. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications. Spiteri, T., Musatov, S., Ogawa, S., Ribeiro, A., Pfaff, D. W., & ÃÆ'†¦gmo, A. (2010). The Role Of The Estrogen Receptor ÃŽÂ ± In The Medial Amygdala And Ventromedial Nucleus Of The Hypothalamus In Social Recognition, Anxiety And Aggression. Behavioural Brain Research, 210(2), 211-220. Tromp, D. P., Grupe, D. W., Oathes, D. J., McFarlin, D. R., Hernandez, P. J., Kral, T. R., et al. (2012). Reduced Structural Connectivity of a Major Frontolimbic Pathway in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. NeuroImage, 69(9), 1. Vesga-LÃÆ' ³pez, O., Schneier, F. R., Wang, S., Heimberg, R. G., Liu, S., Hasin, D. S., et al. (2008). Gender Differences In Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(10), 1606-1616.

Economic Freedom

Part I. Introduction It has become apparent in recent years that the issue of vast globalization, economic development and its impact on various aspects of state wellbeing is the one that needs to be looked at very carefully. Moreover, direct investments into the country’s development and as a result improved quality of life are an additional incentive to increase the economic freedom level.Throughout the centuries scholars and economists have argued on whether economic freedom based on private property and free markets is the only beneficial and effective form of economy formation or centralized system of governing is better. Myriad researches have been brought to public, however, our group believes economic freedom is currently in increasing phase of its development, and thus should be thoroughly examined and reviewed basing on country background and scores obtained.This, in our view, will help to accelerate the wellbeing of Kazakhstan and possibly attract additional cash in flows from external market players. The paper will examine the issue of economic freedom and indices it defines in more details, will cover all the aspects included in consideration of the latter concept and will try to assess the relationship between economic freedom and potential investments rise. Brief definition of basic concepts In order to be in line with the topic and understand it deeply, below we present some underlying definitions of basic concepts that will be used throughout the paper.The classic definition of economic freedom and its index is outlined below: â€Å"Individuals have economic freedom when property they acquire without the use of force, fraud, or theft is protected from physical invasions by others and they are free to use, exchange, or give their property as long as their actions do not violate the identical rights of others† James Gwartney and Robert Lawson Economic Freedom of the World: 1996 Annual Report As obtained from www. economicfreedom. org , â€Å"economic freedom is the key to greater opportunity and an improved quality of life.It’s the freedom to choose how to produce, sell, and use your own resources, while respecting others’ rights to do the same. While a simple concept, economic freedom is an engine that drives prosperity in the world and is the difference between why some societies thrive while others do not. † Considering economic freedom is the issue of highest importance as it deals with each and every aspect of our life. Having greater economic freedom, the society ensures higher income levels, decreased poverty, less unemployment percentages and overall healthier state position in terms of economical, financial and political development.Economic freedom index (EFI) is defined as â€Å"a ranking of countries based on the number and intensity of government regulations on wealth-creating activity. Metrics that an economic freedom index evaluates include international trade restrictions, g overnment spending relative to GDP, occupational licensing requirements, private property rights, minimum wage laws and other government-controlled factors that affect people's ability to earn a living and keep what they earn. † (Extracted from www. investopedia. com).For all over the years, The Heritage Foundation in partnership with The Wall Street Journal has tracked the trends in economic freedom around the world and assigned indices to each country. It is a valuable source to gather information from, and the current paper is mostly based on the latter findings. The key factors influencing the level of economic freedom are the personal choice, voluntary exchange coordinated by markets, freedom to enter and compete in markets and protection of individual property from aggression of other including the government intervention.This implies that in economically free society government protects the individuals and their property, maintain stable monetary environment, refrain fr om creating barriers to trade and fairly allocate benefits; however, in case a government substitutes taxes, government expenditures, and regulations for personal choice, voluntary exchange, and market coordination, it may reduce economic freedom and thus diminish quality of life of the whole state.Five broad areas are considered when summarizing and stating the index for a country: * Size of the government: meaning sound taxing (low marginal tax rates) and wise spendings from the side of the government. * Legal Structure and Security of Property Rights: this indicates the consistence of a state’s legal framework with property protection and application of the laws in various spheres of business conducting and everyday life. * Access to sound money: the essence of this concept is whether a government is able not to abuse its monopolistic power. To get high ratings here, a country’s inflation must be low and stable, and the government must permit people to own currencie s of other nations† (Lawson, Robert A. , Economic Freedom, Library of Economics and Liberty) * Freedom to Trade Internationally: the core idea here is the presence of any barriers to free trade (quotas, restrictions or tariffs). * Regulation of Credit, Labor and Business: such concepts as minimum wages for workers, price controls, business licensing ; potential barriers to entry the business might be reviewed at this stage.Having examined the surface of the issue to be researched, we formulated the research question we are going to obtain the answer to at the end of the paper. Research question: Do countries that exhibit greater degrees of economic freedom perform better than those that do not and will the latter help Kazakhstan to attract more potential investments? Part II. Economic Freedom: Kazakhstani case In 2012 Kazakhstan scored 63. 6 in terms of economic freedom level, and thus ensuring Kazakhstani economy to be number 65th in the world list.As per the Heritage Foundat ion Report as of 2012, current country score is 1. 5 points higher in comparison with last year index. This amount represents slight improvements in property rights freedom, freedom from corruption and public spendings. Figure 1. 1 represents the history of indices obtained by the state in the last 5 years. Country| Year| Overall Freedom| Business Freedom| Financial Freedom| Kazakhstan| 2008| 61. 10| 56. 80| 60| Kazakhstan| 2009| 60. 10| 57. 90| 60| Kazakhstan| 2010| 61| 73. 50| 50| Kazakhstan| 2011| 62. 10| 74. 30| 50| Figure 1. 1 Figure 1. shows the overall trends of economic freedom indices throughout the time. It is clearly seen than in 2009 Kazakhstan scored the lowest, and the backup for this might be the substantial rise of global economic crisis. At that time the state encountered myriad barriers to healthy economic, financial and political environments, as it should have sustained positive financial balances all over the country, diminished bankruptcy potential, saved money of its citizens and remained attractive for the external investments. From that time on Kazakhstan tend to increase its economic reedom index and the line of indicating the latter steadily goes up throughout the years 2010-2012, and the last Heritage Foundation Report proves the fact that the country continues its positive trend of advancing economic freedom and ensuring constant development. As presented in the graph on Figure 1. 2, the state has become one of the first to turn back to the expansion and recovery from the global crisis. This is ensured by the enhanced regulation efficiency (at least endeavors towards that) and constant policy reforms in various areas of country wellbeing.Figure 1. 2 The country also scores higher results if compared to the world and regional averages. As according to The Heritage Foundation, Kazakhstan ranks 11th out of 41 countries in Asia-Pacific region, and it is recorded one of the 20 largest score improvements in the 2012 Index considerations. Figure 1. 3 summarizes the above stated information and graphically represents Kazakhstani standpoint in comparison with global and regional averages indices. Figure 1. 3The government of Kazakhstan being aware of the increased significance of economic freedom stability makes efforts in order to continue its positive index rising over time trend and adapts vast amount of laws, amendments and promotes individual’s freedom protection. â€Å"The link between economic freedom and prosperity is undeniable: the countries that score highly in terms of economic freedom also offer their people the best quality of life† (Azis Isa, Central Asian Free Market Institute Policy Analyst).Many empirical studies using the Economic Freedom Index reveal that a country’s economic freedom is highly correlated with its level of capital investment and the rate of economic growth (Gwartney and Lawson ; Holcombe, 2006). Non-monetary measures such as social welfare and peaceful and healt hy state environment also directly correlate with EFI. Scully (2002) has found that economic freedom is correlated with more equal distributions of income across countries. Rise of GDP per capita levels, promotion of decreased poverty percentages in a given country are also affected by the economic freedom situation of the country.Below is the session of graphs analyzing the correlation of economic freedom levels with various aspects of a state development. Countries with more economic freedom have substantially higher per-capita incomes ans thus more stable economic wellbeing of the society. Figure 1. 4. As seen from the graphical representation, those states that fall into â€Å"most free† group tend to have more vast growth rates and as a result higher level of economic growth throughout the country.The difference between the first and the last groups is rather big, and that proves the above stated assumption. Figure 1. 6 represents the correlation between economic growth and income per capita among the poorest strata of the society. As per the graph, we can suppose there is a direct positive relationship between the variables. Figure 1. 6 Kazakhstan has mostly faced economic freedom challenges throughout its history. Being a young state, it had no solid experience to rely upon rather than remaining habits and regimes obtained during Soviet Union times of ruling.Kazakhstani people do not have much influence over the government and its regulations and laws and majority of them encounter many difficulties in business sphere entry levels, further conducting and maintaining of the latter as well as improving their own individual micro economy. However, there are some positive trends in formation of economic freedom in Kazakhstan, and year to year steady development as shown in the Heritage Foundation Report proves that same fact.As according to the Heritage Foundation Report, â€Å"excessive dependence on raw commodity exports makes the economy particul arly vulnerable to global price changes. Rising commodity prices and improved domestic conditions encouraged substantial economic growth in 2010 and 2011†. The organization in partnership with the World Bank states Kazakhstan has an ambitious economic development program, which is planned to be outperformed in the nearest years, and outlines some problematic zones government of the country should pay intent attention to.The further section of the paper discusses the inefficient potential risk spheres the state should work on in order to relieve the situation in the future and continue its positive trend in developing economic freedom. Economic Freedom in Kazakhstan: Challenging restrictions Once the Annual 2012 Report is over and the country obtained its rating results, we recommend the government to consider the following currently inefficient spheres of the state wellbeing.Kazakhstan still faces many challenges on the way of improving its economic freedom level. * Rule of La w As stated in the Heritage Foundation Report, legal framework is currently very inefficient and actually does not cover some spheres of the freedom the way it should. For instance, intellectual property rights are still in a very shaky position and there is no clearly stated and stable position on that sophisticated issue from the side of the government.Although in the beginning of the current 2012 year there were some endeavors made in order to improve intellectual property rights in the country (banning some Internet resources sites, increased fines and jurisdiction cases), this particular policy just raised a new set of problems and questions and was vastly criticized from the side of the business owners as well as general public, because the new Law on Intellectual Property Rights interfered with basic Constitutional rights of every citizen to express the opinion and thoughts.In addition, the court system lacks the capacity to prove its stability and honesty – this year there were many cases of court system failure: judges were taken with bribes, inefficient cases regulations and many more. Recent changes in anti-corruption law only deepened the definition and presence of the latter in the society as it implies indirect potential involvement from the side of the governmental bodies. * Limited governmentOverall tax burden that exist in the country amounts in 21. 5 % of total domestic income. Government spendings are equivalent to 23. 5 percent of total domestic output. The difference between the two variables kept the substantially large oil revenues, thus relieving the whole situation and leaving public state debt standing at less than 15% of GDP. (as per the Heritage Foundation Annual 2012 report). * Regulatory efficiency ; Open marketsBusiness freedom, labor freedom, monetary freedom inefficiencies cases could be considered in that particular section. They in overall have many problems, bureaucratic barriers and lack of regulation from the side o f the government. Business freedom in Kazakhstan, for instance, lack the easy entry possibilities for the individuals, as it is very costly and takes much more time than it is expected to, moreover, increased level of governmental taxes, quotas and tariffs are also barriers to free trade between people and states.However, there are some positive sides in that area – potential WTO entry, expansion of Customs Union are the positive measures Kazakhstan is undertaking in this regard. As for the labor freedom, there is a tendency to think only about employers, leaving the employees aside. Thus, it is very cheap for a company to hire new employee, and it costs nothing to fire him/her. Moreover, in many national companies and even governmental bodies working day are non-scheduled and overtimes are not paid at all.This is a large problem for the whole country. Child labor issue should also be considered attentively when pondering about economic freedom rise. Monetary freedom could be interfered by the government as it may tend to distort domestic prices and try to influence many industries in a row. Inflation rate is also increasing from year to year. This year it tends to be fluctuating thus leaving the individual suffer from potential commodity prices rise. Below is the summary of inflation rates statistics.